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I sync, therefore I am: brain–body synchrony in typical and disordered consciousness

Consciousness is often treated as a property of the brain alone, yet accumulating evidence suggests that it is shaped by a recurrent dialogue between the brain and body. In this review, we discuss how cognition associated with consciousness-processes that define the observer, their observations, and arising qualia-depend on structured rhythmic correspondences between bodily rhythms and brain signals. We first review how cardiac, respiratory, and gastric rhythms modulate neuroelectric and neurovascular fluctuations in support of interoception-perception of the bodily state-and functionally related faculties such as emotion and selfhood, which draw upon interoceptive representations. We then discuss how clinical and subclinical conditions are associated with dysrhythmia in underlying bodily rhythms and atypical increases or decreases in a bodily rhythm's modulation of brain …

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