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Generative mechanisms and scaling laws of EEG suggest an alternative physiological interpretation of ICA

Abstract In this study, we subject the conventional physiological interpretation of independent component analysis (ICA) applied to EEG, the small-patch model, to systematic falsification, and propose an alternative large-patch model. The small-patch model assumes that ICs correspond to localized cortical patches with < 1 cm². However, this assumption has remained unvalidated. The small-patch model predicts that approximately 70% of sources are localized within sulci up to 15 mm deep, with rapidly changing dipole orientations across the cortex. In contrast, the large-patch model (>6–10 cm²) predicts relatively stable radial orientations accompanied by physiologically implausible source depths due to depth bias. First, we conducted a stimulation study using a forward–inverse modeling framework with a four-layer head conductor model. We confirmed that depth …

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