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Modeling Infectious Disease Epidemics in Mass Religious Gatherings: A Systematic Review

Like other global mass gatherings, religious pilgrimages, such as Hajj, Arba’een, and the Hindu festival Kumbh Mela, attract millions of pilgrims to gather at specific holy sites on specific dates. During disease pandemics, mass gatherings can become super spreader events, causing exponential growth of infections in multiple regions. Epidemic modeling approaches can be valuable tools for studying the impact of mass gatherings on global health during disease outbreaks. To assess the use of epidemic models at religious pilgrimages, we compile published studies that proposed epidemic models at mass religious gatherings. A review of existing epidemic models at various religious gatherings highlights the role of epidemic modeling approaches in assessing the implications of religious pilgrimages on disease pandemics. All the articles …

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