Volta

Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases, predisposing risk factors, and implications of international travel: a call for action for increasing vigilance and imposing restrictions under the current threats of recently emerging multiple Omicron subvariants

Viruses, especially single-stranded RNA viruses, have always been a pathogenic menace as they cause emerging infectious diseases such as Zika, Ebola, Bird Flu, Chikungunya, Dengue, MERS, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Mokeypox, Marburg, Polio, and others. Of note, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Delta and Omicron variants have posed significant global health impacts during the COVID-19 pandemic, co-circulation, and co-infections caused emergence of recombinant and hybrid variants, and eventually leading to different waves of surge in cases due to evasion of the vaccine (vaccine breakthrough) and infection induced immunity1. Currently, Omicron subvariants and lineages such as BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, BA.5, and then BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BA.4.6, BF.7, BA.2.75.2, XBB.1 and BF.7 have created additional health burden, revealing escape from vaccine …

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