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Human milk vs. cow-milk based infant formula proteins: structure, digestion and physiological impacts

This review examines the differences in protein composition, digestion, and physiological effects on infants between human milk (HM) and infant formula (IF). The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life due to the numerous health benefits associated with it. However, when this is not possible, IF is used as an alternative. Differences between HM and IF remain, particularly in terms of protein composition and structure. Further optimization of IF is needed to better mimic HM and provide similar health benefits. Further improving IF formulation requires implementing a promising strategy, which in turn requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of protein digestion and amino acid (AA) absorption, as well as the metabolic and physiological …

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