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GNSS‐based heighting in Australia: Current, emerging and future issues

Ellipsoidal heights, i.e., w.r.t. a geometrical Earth figure, determined from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are inherently their least accurate coordinate, due mainly to satellite geometry and atmospheric refraction. For most practical purposes, however, these GNSS‐derived ellipsoidal heights have to be transformed to heights that relate to the Earth's gravity field, which generally adds further uncertainty. The reduction in accuracy of the transformed height is due to errors in gravimetric quasi/geoid models, but this is compounded yet further in Australia and elsewhere because of the imperfect realisation of local vertical datums. This paper comments upon current, emerging and future issues with height determination on the Australian Height Datum (AHD) using GNSS. This comprises the reference frame used for GNSS ellipsoidal …

Reference & gravity metrics

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